They can cook all foods except rice to be used for ceremonial purposes and can attend ceremonial family feasts, although they are not supposed to carry water or touch god images, sacred utensils, or priests. Orientation Menstruating Newar women can comb their own hair, and may continue to sleep in their usual place, although they sometimes go to another household woman's sleeping area to sleep. LOCATION: India (Maharashtra state) Developed by FnClick. There are forty or more calendrical rituals and . [34] Indo-Aryan tribes like the Licchavis, Kosala, and Mallas (N) from respective Indian Mahajanapada (i.e. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1972. The puberty ceremony for Newar girls is called Barha. Traditionally, parents and go-betweens arrange the marriage. From birth to death, the nau plays an important role in purifying the individual before or . Annaprasan is the ritual of rice feeding. A, Nay/Khadgi/Shahi: Traditionally butchers and musicians. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:41. This is also why, even after the death of the husband, a Newari girl is never considered a widow. Many of the traditional handicrafts of the Newar focus on religious objects. The initiation ceremony for boys is called Kayta Puja, and among the higher Hindu castes, it is often accompanied by the putting on of the sacred thread, a rite viewed as a symbolic rebirth. [17] A Sanskrit inscription dated to 512 in Tistung, a valley to the west of Kathmandu, contains the phrase "greetings to the Nepals" indicating that the term "Nepal" was used to refer to both the country and the people. During the gufa, many female relatives visit her and bring the delicacy of the food. The local name of this ceremony is Macha Janku. This aroused in them strong sexual urges that resulted in the earth being peopled with humans. Just above the level of the family is an important Newar socio-ritual organization known as the guthi. The 16 rites have been shortened to 10 and called "10 Karma Sanskar" (Newar: ). RELIGION: Buddhist (Theravada); small numbers of Christians and Muslims For this reason, as already explained in the Ihi ceremony. A newer movie named Barasi detailly has shown the life of a girl processing the gufa and how she dies within that period. But today, we can see more love marriages than arranged marriages. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It has developed unique socio-religious elements, which include a non-monastic Buddhist society based on the Newar caste system and patrilineality.The ritual priestly (guruju) caste, vajracharya (who perform rituals for others) and shakya (who perform rituals mostly within their own . LANGUAGE: Gondi A genealogy of kings is recorded in a chronicle called Gopalarajavamsavali. [75] Stone sculpture, wood carving, repouss art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process[76] are specimens of Newar artistry. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, A newer movie named Barasi detailly has shown the life of a girl processing the gufa and how she dies within that period. Another major celebration is Pahan Charhe when portable shrines bearing images of mother goddesses are paraded through Kathmandu. Bhaju Man Chitrakar (18171874), Tej Bahadur Chitrakar (18981971) and Chandra Man Singh Maskey were other pioneer artists who introduced modern style paintings incorporating concepts of lighting and perspective. South of the Kathmandu Valley, the Mahabharat Lekh mountains bar the route to the Terai and the Ganges Plains. They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. Over these is worn a blouse-type shirt (laa) tied with string on one side of the chest and falling to mid-thigh, with a cloth belt tied around the waist. Most of the chief monuments are located in the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, the old royal palace complexes built between the 12th and 18th centuries.[83]. For a thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins (Nepalese mohar), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. "The situation with regard to education has become so bad that it will take several decades to restore what we had achieved before the conflict started," said Dipendra Roka, a schoolteacher in Salle village in Rukum district, about 300 km northwest of the capital, Kathmandu. This typically consists of boiled rice, lentil curry, and one or two dishes such as potatoes and green-leafed vegetables. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/newars, "Newars [56] The earliest known document in Nepal Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 AD during the Thakuri period.[57]. Liquor, mostly brewed at home from rice, is indispensable in Newar social as well as ritual life. She is kept in a room for 12 days hidden and is ceremonially married to the sun god Surya. "Newars The seventh Kiranti King, Jitedasit and the fourteenth King, Sthunko were very famous. Traditionally, at meals, festivals and gatherings, Newars sit on long mats in rows. Required fields are marked *. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [106], In this ceremony, Buddhist Newars Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya-Shakya), Ury, Jyapu and few artisan castes like Chitrakr perform their Pravrajy (Sanskrit: ) ceremony by mimicking Gautama Buddha's ascetic and medicant lifestyle and the steps to attain monkhood and nirvana where the boy stays in a Buddhist monastery, Vihara, for three days, living the life of a monk and abandoning all material pleasures. This no doubt reflects the fact that the bulk of the Newar live in the Kathmandu Valley, where access to educational institutions is easier than in the rest of the country. Traditionally, the process of bahra starts with a pooja conducted by the eldest woman of the house. Meals can be classified into three main categories: the daily meal, the afternoon snack and festival food. However, in unique ways. The Newar Merchants in Lhasa. Similarly, a shawl (g) is worn by men and women. Main life-cycle rituals are: rituals at and after birth ( mac bu benkegu, jankwa, etc. Both creeds have been established since antiquity in the valley. For a female child, Ihi (Ehee)(Newar: ) short for Ihipaa (Eheep)(Newar: ) (Marriage) is performed between the ages of five to nine. The education system in Nepal is characterized by large disparities in primary and secondary school attendance. The dramas are based on stories from the epics, and almost all of them were written during the 17th and 18th centuries. Another major festival is S Pru when people who have lost a family member in the past year dress up as cows and saints, and parade through town, following a specific route. [55], Nepal Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition. Government-controlled radio and television programming is available to those who can afford receivers. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. The Indian sr and blouse are also popular with Newar women. Also known as bael byah, it is a symbolic marriage with a bael (Aegle mermalous) fruit. "Newars with their proud cultural history and economic status were never janajatis and will never claim that status," wrote Pradip Shrestha, a Newar, in the weekly Nepal Jagaran . Pre Natal. During this ritual, the bride distributes ten betel nuts to each family member. Some of the Malla kings (from the 13th to the 18th centuries) were great patrons of art and literature. Most of the writings consist of prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. Besides exhibiting a high level of skill in the traditional religious art, Newar artists have been at the forefront of introducing Western art styles in Nepal. Environmental problems are increasing, with the Kathmandu Valley facing severe air and water pollution. At all important moments in life, from birth to death, this important Newar Buddhist ritual is performed to remove obstacles and bring spiritual blessings. Accepting Shrestha's views would mean giving up the "special arrangements for education, health and employment" that the Nepali Constitution promises for "economically and socially" disadvantaged janajatis. The Newar are the indigenous population found in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. [11], The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Newa architecture consists of the pagoda, stupa, shikhara, chaitya and other styles. Buddhist stupas (shrines) dating to the 3rd century bc are all that is left of the early cultures of the Kathmandu Valley, but numerous magnificent stone sculptures survive from the subsequent Licchavi period. This is to be performed as close to the time of death as is possible. Somehow, there is a distinctive canon for a boy and a girl to be fed. The Malla dynasty was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language (the language of the Mithila region) which was afforded an equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, traditional newa jewelry, and a traditional wedding dress. . These include important events of a person's life like "Jatakarma" (Newar: ) (Childbirth), "Namakaran" (Newar: ) (Naming the child), "Annapraasan" (Newar: ) (First rice feeding ceremony), "Chudakarma" or "Kaeta Puja" (first hair shaving and loin cloth ceremony), "Vivaaha" (Newar: ) (Wedding), among others. [100] Sithi Nakha is another big festival when worship is offered and natural water sources are cleaned. The Newars: An Ethno-Sociological Study of a Himalayan Community. In 1908, maestro Seturam Shrestha made the first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata. Modern Nepal Bhasa literature began in the 1940s with the emergence of new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays. Newar people are much innovative in terms of cuisine. Besides the historical cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi, Chovar, Bungamati, Thankot and Kirtipur, small towns with a similar artistic heritage (like Panga in Kirtipur municipality) dot the Kathmandu Valley where almost half of the Newar population lives.[86]. Nepl, Gopal Singh. Following the wedding, the young couple moves in with the husband's family. It is believed that if the girl's husband dies later in her life, she is not considered a widow because she is married to Vishnu, and so already has a husband that is believed to be still alive. Bhaktapur is primarily Hindu, while Kathmandu is a mix of both. Women are able to move outside the house with greater ease than Brahman and Chhetri women and also are able to start up their own businesses. During that period, Nepal made great progress. These rites again process the marriage of a girl to the sun. Music is also played during wedding processions, life-cycle ceremonies and funeral processions.[71]. Last updated: Well, talking back to the ceremony, he must don the yellow/orange robes of the mendicant and beg rice from his relatives. Thus, if haphazardly, even the girls husband dies later in the future, she is not considered a widow because she is also married to Vishnu, who stands alive always and forever. The Newar follow the Nepl habit of eating two main meals a day. While Shakyas and Bajracharyas forbid women to the cremation site, other communities of Newars let the female members of the deceased join the funeral procession. One of the major parts of Newar dress ups is bracelets (chra) and mala(necklaces). It is a common ritual where the bride abandons her family and adopts her husbands name and family. Colonies of expatriate Newar merchants and artisans existed in Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyantse in Tibet till the mid-1960s when the traditional trade came to an end after the Sino-Indian War. Kautily, an Indian economist, has written this. For about a thousand years, the Newar civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status. Girls have yet another ceremonial ritual called Bahra Chuyegu(Newar: ) when a girl approaches puberty. The extended family is typical of Newar society. Many of the Newars' social problems are typical of populations in other developing countries. A light breakfast of tea and snacks may be taken, but the first heavy meal of the day is consumed in the late morning. Those food items are first offered to the gods and goddesses. [104][105] Newars consider life-cycle rituals as a preparation for death and the life after it. [51] It was used universally in stone and copper inscriptions, sacred manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. There is a ritual in a Newari wedding where 10 Beetle nuts are kept in a silver pot (called Lampicha/: in Newar) and sent to the girl's house through the Lami (the ones who acts a messenger or middle man between two families) as a way of the daughter's hand in marriage. There were justice courts in the country. Merchants, craftsmen, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other castes all played their part in creating a flourishing economic system. Hindu and Buddhist alike always worship Ganesh first in every ritual, and every locality has its local Ganesh shrine (Ganesh Than). [40] A minority are Christian.[41]. [14] Newar community within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are the descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times. [53] Nepal Bhasa is of Tibeto-Burman origin but has been heavily influenced by Indo-Aryan languages like Sanskrit, Pali, Bengali and Maithili. Newars are bound together by a common language and culture. [47] Their common language is Nepal Bhasa or the linguistic progenitor of that language. On the fourth day, he disrobes and returns to his family and henceforth becomes a householder Buddhist for the rest of his life. Like the Licchavis, Kosala, and every locality has its local Ganesh shrine ( Ganesh than ) dies that... ' social problems are increasing, with the Kathmandu Valley facing severe air and water.... 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